Evaluating food availability and nest predation risk as sources of bias in aural bird surveys
نویسندگان
چکیده
The use of aural surveys to estimate population parameters is widespread in avian studies. Despite efforts to increase the efficacy of this method, the potential for ecological context to bias population estimates remains largely unexplored. For example, food availability and nest predation risk can influence singing activity independent of density and, therefore, may bias aural estimates where these ecological factors vary systematically among habitats or other categories of ecological interest. We used a natural fire event in a mixed-conifer forest that experienced variation in fire severity (low, intermediate, and high) to determine if aural surveys produce accurate density estimates of Dark-eyed Juncos ( Junco hyemalis) independent of ecological context. During the first 2-yr postfire, we censused junco populations in each burn type with intensive spot-mapping and nest searching, locating 168 nests. Simultaneously, we conducted fixed-radius point-count surveys and estimated food availability and nest predation risk in each burn type to test whether ecological context may influence aural detection probability independent of actual density. We found no difference in nesting densities among patches burned at different severity. Arthropod food availability was inversely related to fire severity during the first postfire breeding season, but increased to higher levels across all severities during the second. In both years, aural detections were significantly greater in intermediate severity patches that consistently represented the habitat with the lowest nest predation risk. These results suggest that nest predation risk may significantly bias aural estimates of avian populations. Although traditional aural survey methods such as the Breeding Bird Survey measure habitat attributes, our findings highlight the difficulty in assessing relevant covariates in estimates of avian population. Future research must consider the potential for nest predation and other ecological factors to drive interannual or interhabitat variation in avian population estimates independent of true changes in population size. RESUMEN. Evaluación de la disponibilidad de alimento y el riesgo de depredación de los nidos como una fuente de sesgos en los censos auditivos de aves El uso de censos auditivos para estimar parámetros poblacionales es bastante utilizado en estudios de aves. A pesar de los esfuerzos para incrementar la eficacia de estos métodos, los sesgos potenciales creados por contextos ecológicos para estimar poblaciones todavı́a permanecen inexplorados. Por ejemplo, la disponibilidad de alimento y el riesgo de depredación de los nidos pueden influenciar la actividad vocal independientemente de la densidad, por lo cual, puede crear sesgos en los estimados auditivos en donde estos factores ecológicos vaŕıan de forma sistemática entre hábitat u otras categorı́as de interés ecológico. Usamos un evento natural de fuego en un bosque mixto de conı́feras que experimento variación en la severidad del fuego (baja, intermedia y alta) para determinar si los censos auditivos producen una estimación precisa de la densidad de Junco hyemalis independientemente del contexto ecológico. Durante los primeros dos años después del fuego, censamos poblaciones de J. hyemalis en cada tipo de quema con intenso mapeo de detecciones y búsqueda de nidos, localizando 168 nidos. Simultáneamente, realizamos censos con puntos de conteo de radios fijos y estimamos la disponibilidad de alimento y riesgo de depredación de nidos en cada tipo de quema, para probar si el contexto ecológico puede afectar la probabilidad de detecciones auditivas independiente de densidades reales. No encontramos diferencias en densidades de anidación entre parches quemados a diferentes intensidades. Las disponibilidad de alimento de artrópodos estuvo inversamente relacionada con la intensidad del fuego durante la primera temporada reproductiva después del fuego, pero incremento a niveles mayores en todas las intensidades de fuego durante la segunda temporada. En ambos años, detecciones auditivas fueron significativamentemayores en parches con intensidad intermedia los cuales consistentemente representaron el hábitat con los más bajos niveles de riesgo de depredación. Los resultados siguieren que el riesgo de depredación sesga significativamente los estimados de detección auditiva en poblaciones de aves. A pesar de que métodos tradicionales de estimaciones como censos de aves durante la época reproductiva miden atributos del habita, nuestros resultados remarcan la dificultad de acceder covariables relevantes en estimativos de poblaciones de aves. Futuras investigaciones debeŕıan considerar el potencial de la depredación de nidos y otros factores ecológicos que influyen variación entre 2Corresponding author. Current address: Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center, National Zoo, Washington, D.C. 20008. Email: [email protected] C ©2010 The Authors. Journal of Field Ornithology C ©2010 Association of Field Ornithologists 420 Journal of Field Ornithology
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تاریخ انتشار 2010